Historical Swordmaking Periods of Japan
1. Kotō (古刀, “old swords”)
Before 1596
Covers swords from the Heian, Kamakura, Nanbokuchō, and Muromachi periods.
This era includes the golden age of Japanese swordmaking, with highly refined techniques and famous schools.
4. Shintō (新刀, “new swords”)
1596–1781 (early to mid Edo period)
Swords made during a long peace. Craftsmanship remained high, but the focus shifted more toward uniformity and aesthetics rather than battlefield performance.
3. Shinshintō (新々刀, “new new swords”)
1781–1876 (late Edo period)
A revival movement aiming to recreate the quality and spirit of Kotō-era swords, often with bold shapes and strong temper lines.
4. Gendaitō (現代刀, “modern swords”)
1876 to present
Traditionally forged swords made in modern times, often using tamahagane and classical methods. Many are artistic or ceremonial rather than practical weapons.
